In the UK alone there are over 276 species of bee and over 20,000 worldwide. To help you correctly identify the bee you have spotted, we created this bee identification guide of the most common bees in the UK and Europe.
HONEY BEES
(Apis)
Illustration of female worker honey bee
Honey Bee
Apis mellifera
How to identify: Honey bees have large hairy eyes and bare shiny rear legs. Their abdomen is often warm amber-brown and black striped or black all over. Females carry pollen in balls on their hind legs.
When to see: March to October.
Fun fact: Only the female honey bee can sting, however they cannot sting more than once. They have a barbed stinger at their tail end, which means that when they sting the stinger gets lodged and cannot be pulled out again without causing injury or death.
BUMBLEBEES
(Bombus)
Illustration of female worker buff-tailed bumblebee
Buff-Tailed Bumblebee
Bombus terrestris
How to identify: Buff-tailed bumblebees are one of the biggest types of bumblebee in the UK and can be identified by their two golden yellow stripes and yellowish buff tail. The female worker bee (pictured) has a white tail with a subtle buff line separating the tail from the rest of the abdomen, whereas the male bee has a buff-tinged tail.
When to see: March to August
Fun fact: Buff-tailed Bumblebees nest underground in large groups of over 500 bees, often using old mouse or vole nests.
Illustration of queen white-tailed bumblebee
White-Tailed Bumblebee
Bombus lucorum
How to identify:
Often confused with the buff-tailed bumblebee, the white-tailed bumblebee is black with two bright lemon-yellow stripes and a bright white tail. The males of this species have additional yellow hair on their head as well as varying amounts on their thorax and abdomen.
When to see:
March to November.
Fun fact:
Did you know that a bumblebee can travel up to 6 km per day to visit flowers? Cool huh!?
Illustration of female worker garden bumblebee
Garden Bumblebee
Bombus hortorum
How to identify:
The garden bumblebee is black with three yellow stripes. One at the front and rear of the thorax and a third at the front of the abdomen. The tail is a bright white colour.
When to see:
March to October.
Fun fact:
The garden bumblebee has the longest tongue of all bumblebees. It can stretch up to 2 cm, allowing it to reach the nectar in deep flowers such as foxgloves and honeysuckle.
Illustration of female worker tree bumblebee
Tree Bumblebee
Bombus hypnorum
How to identify:
Tree bumblebees have a fuzzy ginger-brown thorax, with a black abdomen and white tail.
When to see:
March to July.
Fun fact:
Unlike other bumblebees, the tree bumblebee likes to nest in cavities such as holes in trees (hence the name), old bird nests, bird nest boxes and roof spaces.
Illustration of female worker common carder bumblebee
Common Carder Bumblebee
Bombus pascuorum
How to identify:
The common carder bee is almost entirely brown or ginger, with some black hairs covering the centre of the abdomen.
When to see:
March to November.
Fun fact:
The name of the common carder bee is derived from the verb ‘to card’, describing the way in which they comb materials together to create a thatch covering for their nests.
Illustration of queen red-tailed bumblebee
Red-tailed Bumblebee
Bombus lapidarius
How to identify:
Red-tailed bumblebees have a jet black body with a bright red tail which covers up to half of the abdomen. Males have bright yellow facial hair and two
slim yellow bands across the front and rear of the thorax.
When to see:
April to November.
Fun fact:
Red-tailed bumblebees, along with other types of bumblebee, are non-aggressive and will only sting if they feel threatened.
Illustration of queen early bumblebee
Early Bumblebee
Bombus pratorum
How to identify:
Early bumblebees are small, black and fluffy with a yellow band on the thorax and the abdomen, with an orange-red tail. The yellow band is usually less pronounced in the worker bees and the males have additional yellow facial hair.
When to see:
March to June.
Fun fact:
Early bumblebees are known to visit a wide variety of flowers for both their pollen and nectar and are an important pollinator of soft fruits, such as raspberries and blackberries.
Did you know...
A well-fed bumblebee is only about 40 minutes from starvation? Once she runs out of energy, she can’t fly - and without flight, she can’t reach flowers to refuel.
Our Bee Revival Kit offers an emergency solution, to help give a tired bee a boost.
SOLITARY BEES
Illustration of female tawny mining bee
Tawny Mining Bee
Andrena fulva
How to identify:
The females are covered with dense fox-red hair on their thorax and abdomen with black hair on their legs, head and underside of body. They can also be seen carrying pollen on their hind legs. The male bees are smaller in
size and are less vivid in colour. They also have white tufts of hair on their face, which can look like a tiny moustache.
When to see:
March to June. One of the first solitary bees to be seen in the year!
Fun fact:
The Tawny mining bee is a common, spring-flying bee whose flight time coincides with the flowering of fruit trees like cherry, pear and apple.
Illustration of female red mason bee
Red Mason Bee
Osmia rufa
How to identify:
Often confused with the tawny mining bee, red mason bees are small in size and have a light brown thorax and orange-red abdomen. Female red mason bees collect pollen on the underside of their abdomen.
When to see:
March to June.
Fun fact:
Red mason bees are ‘cavity nesting’ solitary bees, building nests in hollow stems and bee hotels, using mud to plug the entrance.
Illustration of female ivy mining bee
Ivy Mining Bee
Colletes hederae
How to identify:
Slightly larger than the honey bee but similar in shape, the ivy mining bee has a densely-haired ginger thorax and defined shiny yellow and black bands covering its abdomen.
When to see:
September to November. The solitary ivy bee is one of the last solitary bees to emerge each year.
Fun fact:
As their name suggests, the ivy bee feeds mainly on the nectar of ivy flowers when in autumn bloom.
Illustration of female ashy mining bee
Ashy Mining Bee
Andrena cineraria
How to identify:
Ashy mining bees are recognisable by their striking black and ash-grey hairs that cover their dark bodies. The female and male ashy mining bees are similar in appearance, however the female is slightly larger and curvaceous with a glossier hairless abdomen.
When to see:
April to July.
Fun fact:
Ashy mining bees are not dangerous and are therefore safe to be around children and pets. In fact, solitary bees in general are non-aggressive because they do not have honey or a hive to protect.
Illustration of female willoughby's leafcutter bee
Willoughby's Leafcutter Bee
Megachile willughbiella
How to identify:
The leafcutter bee is dark brown with light brownish hair around the sides of the thorax and between the abdominal segments. They have a larger head than most solitary bees due to the strong muscles they have developed to chew through leaves. They can often be found in flight with sections of leaf tucked between their legs.
When to see:
Mid-June to August.
Fun fact:
The wildflowers that leafcutter bees enjoy the most are: bell flowers, bird's-foot trefoil, thistles, brambles and herbs such as mint!
Illustration of female wool carder bee
Wool Carder Bee
Anthidium manicatum
How to identify:
Wool carder bees have unique bright yellow markings on their face and down the sides of their abdomen. These are one of the very few species of bee where the male is larger than the female. The male is also hairier and has spikes at the end of the abdomen. The female collects fibres from plants such as lamb’s-ear, and so can often be seen carrying these in silvery bundles.
When to see:
May to August, South of England.
Fun fact:
Male carder bees cannot sting, but they do have a set of threatening spikes on their tail which they use to scare away or squash any trespassers.
Illustration of female hairy-footed flower bee
Hairy-footed Flower Bee (female)
Anthophora plumipes
How to identify:
The female hairy-footed flower bee is dark all over with rusty-orange coloured hairs on its hind legs. They are large in size and so can often be confused with a bumblebee. The male and female species look remarkably different and therefore are easily identifiable from one another (see male identification below).
When to see:
March to May.
Fun fact:
If you have a fireplace you may find hairy-footed flower bees in your house, as newly-emerged bees can sometimes accidentally fall down the chimney!
Illustration of male hairy-footed flower bee
Hairy-footed Flower Bee (male)
Anthophora plumipes
How to identify:
The male hairy-footed flower bee is buff-ginger-haired with a unique yellow lower face and distinguishing feathery hairs on its feet. The males are full of energy, and can be seen hovering and darting around female nest entrances in the soft mortar of walls and cob wall cracks.
When to see:
February to May.
Fun fact: This species is an important pollinator for early spring flowers such as lungwort.
Illustration of female harebell carpenter bee
Harebell Carpenter Bee
Chelostoma campanularum
How to identify:
These are tiny, narrow solitary bees (around 6-7mm in length), and are black in colour. Due to their size and colour they can be easily mistaken for flies. However, unlike flies, they have white pollen-collecting hairs on the underside of their abdomen.
When to see:
Mid-June to August.
Fun fact:
Males use harebell flowers as ‘B&Bs’ in bad weather and often sleep in the flower overnight for several days at a time.
Illustration of female Sharp-Tail Bee
Sharp-Tail Bee (female)
Coelioxys inermis
How To Identify: Sharp-tail bees are small, dark solitary bees with a sharply pointed abdomen. They have a smooth, somewhat wasp-like appearance, boasting black and white lines across their abdomen, they lack the fuzzy pollen-carrying hairs seen on other bee species.
When To See: July to August
Fun Fact: Not so fun for other solitary bees, Coelioxys inermis belongs to a group known as cuckoo bees. The long, pointed abdomen helps the female access existing nests, which she uses to lay one egg for her developing larva.
Illustration of Blue Mason Bee
Blue Mason Bee
Osmia caerulescens
How To Identify: Blue mason bees are a small species of solitary bee, best recognised by their steely blue-black metallic sheen, which gives them their name. Females have black faces and can often be seen carrying pollen on the underside of their abdomen.
Males are harder to spot. They are usually much smaller than females (around 5–6mm) and are very fast flyers, meaning they can easily be confused with other species. Males tend to have a metallic green body and are covered in pale yellow hairs.
When To See: April to August/September
Fun Fact: Female Blue Mason bees collect pollen using their scopa rather than the hairs on their back legs. The scopa is found on the underside of the abdomen, which is why these tiny pollinators often appear to have dusty yellow tummies.
Illustration of Common Masked Bee
Common Masked Bee
Hylaeus communis
How To Identify: Also referred to as a ‘yellow-face bee’, these tiny pollinators can be identified by either white/ yellow markings visible on their face. The males tend to have more prominent markings, yet the females will also have yellow markings, usually near their eyes, both with smooth, glossy black bodies.
When To See: May to September
Fun Fact: Hylaeus species of bees are often confused with wasps, likely due to their appearance, as well as the fact that they do not carry pollen on their bodies. Rather than using pollen baskets or brushes, they carry pollen and nectar inside their body. Once back at the nest, the mixture is stored in waterproofed brood cells, it is a slightly messy, but a very clever solution!
Did you know...
The UK has lost 97% of its wildflower meadows since the 1930s - vital habitat and food for bees.
A bee hotel provides nesting sites for cavity-nesting solitary bees, including mason bees and leafcutter bees featured in this guide. They’re fascinating to observe and non-aggressive, making them safe to welcome into your garden.
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